Gast | Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic that demonstrates opioid and monoaminergic properties. Several studies have suggested that tramadol could play a role in mood improvement. Moreover, it has previously been shown that tramadol is effective in the forced swimming test in mice and the learned helplessness model in rats, two behavioural modelspredictive of antidepressant activity. The aim of the present study was to testurl=http://tramadol-rx.t35.com/] tramadol[/url] and its enantiomers in the reserpine test in mice, aclassical observational test widely used in the screening of antidepressant drugs. This test is a non-behavioural method where only objective parameters such as rectal temperature and palprebral ptosis are considered. Moreover, we compared the effects of tramadol and itsenantiomers with those of antidepressants (desipramine, fluvoxamine and venlafaxine) and opiates [morphine (–)-methadone and levorphanol]. Racemic tramadol, (–)-tramadol, desipramine and venlafaxine reversed the reserpine synd
rome (rectal temperature and ptosis), whereas( )-tramadol and fluvoxamine only antagonized the reserpine-induced ptosis, without any effect on temperature. Opiates did not reversereserpine-induced hypothermia. (–)-Methadone showed slight effects regarding reserpine-induced ptosis, morphine and levorphanol had no effect. These results show that tramadol has an effect comparable to clinically effective antidepressants in a test predictive of antidepressant activity, without behavioural implications. Together with other clinical and experimental data, this suggests that tramadol has an inherent antidepressant-like (mood improving) activity, and that this effect could have clinical repercussions on the affective component of pain. |
Gast | Since the arrival of Viagra and its explosive growth as a blockbuster drug for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men, there is growing interest in the "female Viagra." Eventually, it is estimated that up to 43% of all women suffer from some form of female sexual dysfunction (FSD).
This leads to the millions of women who either could not get to sex, find it painful, or can not reach orgasm. Most of the women (three quarters), are post-menopausal, but there are other reasons for farming systems, including the use of anti-depressants.
So, all those women who do not have or do not enjoy sex, demand for some Viagra for women is a marketing vacuum waiting to be filled.
Is there anything now that really works as a female version of Viagra (not counting all the herbs / natural aphrodisiacs dubious efficacy and safety)?
In 2001, it was the flow of interest when the British journal Obstetrics and Gynecology reported that women with FSD who take Viagra have more sexual fantasies, have sex more often tend to enjoy it more, and have more orgasms. While Viagra is not recommended for women, some doctors have been prescribing it to turn off label "for their patients. (Viagra is not studied in pregnant or nursing women, so caution is recommended.)
There was also talk about women Viagra cream (containing the same active ingredient as Viagra, sildenafil), which can be applied to the genital region. At the beginning of the trial, she seemed to have the desired effect, but has not yet made it to market.
In patch: Is the new Viagra for women on the road?
In the Intrinsa patch showed great promise as the latest candidate for the "Viagra for women." She is working to raise the level of testosterone in the blood, which can help women whose hormone decreases with age, or in connection with the removal of the uterus.
Intrinsa has been recently approved in the UK prescription-only use in the post-menopausal women. But it has not been approved for sale in the United States because the FDA denied a license Procter & Gamble in 2004, is concerned about the long-term effects of the hormone.
Women Viagra spray
Meanwhile, the other company named Palatin Technologies is racing with P & G for its "Women Viagra" in the market in the first place. Palatin products Bremelanotide is inhaled drugs made by the jets. It works on the brain to promote sexual initiation, but not by increasing the influx of blood to the genitals. And, Palatin said Bremelanotide is effective for both men and women.
The company said a single dose of Bremelanotide "results, in most cases, the actual loins in as little as 15 minutes. Women feel" sexual heat, tingling and throbbing ', not to mention the "strong desire to have sex". "
The bad news? In New Jersey company is still conducting clinical trials and FDA approval of a long way down the road.
Drug manufacturers rumored to not work on about 25 trains for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction. As the "little blue pill" for male sexual implementation approaches its tenth anniversary on the market of the United States, women are still waiting for a product only for him ... Viagra woman capable of rocking their world.
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Who Needs Viagra Anyway? |
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